Nutrient Management
Advanced Wastewater Treatment

ACTION: Prioritization and implementation of wastewater treatment such as sewer and I/A systems around ponds and/or within pond watersheds.

Advanced Wastewater Treatment

STRATEGY: Protect water quality through nutrient load reduction.

ACTION: Prioritization and implementation of wastewater treatment such as sewer and I/A systems around ponds and/or within pond watersheds.

Threats Addressed

  • Excess Nutrients
  • Pollutant Inputs
  • Algal Blooms
  • Erosion
  • Invasive/Nuisance Species

Strategy Goals

  • Protect
  • Manage
  • Rehabilitate

Strategy Co-Benefits

  • Habitat
  • Aesthetics
  • Recreation

Considerations

  • Permittable in Massachusetts
  • Implemented on Cape Cod
  • Listed in 208 Plan Technologies Matrix.
  • Can be Performed at Homeowner Scale
  • Nature-based Solution

Duration of Benefits

  • Less than one month
  • One season or year
  • Multiple seasons or years

Maintenance Requirements

  • Monthly
  • Annually
  • Infrequent

NOTE: Many of these solutions may require local permitting. Please check with your conservation office prior to any activity.

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Algae Management
Algaecide

ACTION: Algaecides are chemicals that kill algae and have been in use for many years. Algaecides are generally copper-based chemicals used to kill algae cells, and to reduce the use impairments associated with excessive algal growth. Copper sulfate is the most common algaecide and one of the most popular algae control techniques. Peroxide has also been used but is more expensive.
Vegetation Management
Biocontrol

ACTION: Biocontrol agents are introduced to a pond to consume or otherwise interfere with the growth of aquatic plants. Biocontrol agents include: herbivorous fish (e.g., Grass carp, Tilapia); herbivorous insects (e.g., milfoil moth, milfoil weevil, root boring weevil, leaf beetles, loosestrife beetle); and plant pathogens (fungi, bacteria, virus).
Nutrient Management
Circulation

ACTION: Any process that blends water. Can be mechanical or air-driven. Usually induces oxygenation. Artificial circulation uses machines, usually bubblers or circulators, to extend the depth or duration of water circulation.

Circulation

STRATEGY: Low oxygen levels can promote poor water quality by elevating metals, accumulating ammonium, or releasing phosphorus from the sediment. High oxygen levels can improve water quality by reducing or changing composition of algae, providing consistent water quality, improving habitat for fish and invertebrates. Circulation is intended to homogenize water quality over target zone, limit plankton by movement in water column, and facilitate oxygenation through increased transfer of oxygen from surface water to deeper water. Circulation mixes and delivers oxygen-rich surface water to deeper oxygen-poor waters. Circulate / mix water to break up or prevent stratification. Induce turbulence to reduce risk of cyanobacterial blooms.

ACTION: Any process that blends water. Can be mechanical or air-driven. Usually induces oxygenation. Artificial circulation uses machines, usually bubblers or circulators, to extend the depth or duration of water circulation.
Planning & Regulation
District of Critical Planning Concern (DCPC)

ACTION: A DCPC is a planning and regulatory tool available to a town or group of towns, which allows for the designation of a district for a defined purpose and to allow time, through a limited moratorium, to conduct planning studies and adopt regulations to address a specific problem.
Nutrient Management
Hydraulic Control

ACTION: Through hydraulic control, the concentration of nutrients (mainly phosphorus) within the pond is lowered by adding sufficient quantities of nutrient-poor water from some other source through dilution and flushing, or by removing nutrient-rich water from a pond. Selective withdrawal is the removal of nutrient-rich bottom waters in stratified ponds and lakes to eliminate nutrient supplies that support the growth of cyanobacteria in the epilimnion (surface layer) of the water body.
Planning & Regulation
Land Protection

ACTION: Town, land trust or private entity purchasing or donating land in order to limit or prevent development at that site to maintain open space and preserve the functions of the existing natural resources. Along with land protection, stewardship of protected land to maintain or restore natural habitats and resource functions.
Planning & Regulation
Land Use Planning & Regulations

ACTION: Promote land use best management practices and regulate specific land use practices (e.g., preventing vegetation clearing, mandating larger septic system setbacks, requiring vegetated buffers made up of native vegetation, restricting use of fertilizers and pesticides) around ponds based on community concern. Regulations can be made in town bylaws, zoning ordinances, or by homeowner's associations.
Nutrient Management
Nutrient Inactivation

ACTION: Aluminum compounds, especially aluminum sulfate (alum), mitigate excess phosphorus in ponds through one of these approaches: phosphorus water column stripping, phosphorus inactivation, phosphorus interception, and phosphorus maintenance. These actions reduce nutrient concentrations in the water and often result in decreased algae levels and increased water clarity. Other materials such as polyacrylamide, forms of iron, bentonite, clay powder, phoslock (lanthanum modified clay), may also be used to bind with and inactivate phosphorus.
Nutrient Management
Oxygenation

ACTION: Any process that adds oxygen to target waters. Oxygenation is a kind of aeration that adds concentrated oxygen to the lake water, which improves aquatic habitat conditions and limits (but does not always eliminate) internal phosphorus recycling.

Oxygenation

STRATEGY: Low oxygen levels can promote poor water quality by elevating metals, accumulating ammonium, or releasing phosphorus from the sediment. High oxygen levels can improve water quality by reducing or changing composition of algae, providing consistent water quality, improving habitat for fish and invertebrates. Circulation is intended to homogenize water quality over target zone, limit plankton by movement in water column, and facilitate oxygenation through increased transfer of oxygen from surface water to deeper water. Circulation mixes and delivers oxygen-rich surface water to deeper oxygen-poor waters. Circulate / mix water to break up or prevent stratification. Induce turbulence to reduce risk of cyanobacterial blooms.

ACTION: Any process that adds oxygen to target waters. Oxygenation is a kind of aeration that adds concentrated oxygen to the lake water, which improves aquatic habitat conditions and limits (but does not always eliminate) internal phosphorus recycling.
Nutrient Management
Permeable Reactive Barrier

ACTION: A permeable reactive barrier (PRB) is a wall created below ground to intercept and treat contaminated groundwater. The wall is permeable, meaning the groundwater can flow through it and be treated. The reactive materials that make up the wall either trap harmful contaminants or make them less harmful. The treated groundwater flows out the other side of the wall.
Planning & Regulation
Pond Use Planning & Regulations

ACTION: Create a freshwater resource zoning area or overlay district focused around freshwater resource protection. Specific zoning bylaws may then apply. Bans or restrictions can be defined by area, time, or other parameters. May include area zoning (allocates pond uses to specific areas of the pond) and/or time zoning (allocates pond uses to specific times of the day). May also include boating restrictions (e.g., speed limits, limits on motorized boats, horsepower limits, clean/drain/dry requirements), restrictions on docks (e.g., dimensions, required water depths, materials, storage requirements), limits on times for certain activities.

Pond Use Planning & Regulations

STRATEGY: Manage pond use as pond overuse may impact water quality, ecosystem function, visitor experience, and recreational opportunities. Manage user conflicts.

ACTION: Create a freshwater resource zoning area or overlay district focused around freshwater resource protection. Specific zoning bylaws may then apply. Bans or restrictions can be defined by area, time, or other parameters. May include area zoning (allocates pond uses to specific areas of the pond) and/or time zoning (allocates pond uses to specific times of the day). May also include boating restrictions (e.g., speed limits, limits on motorized boats, horsepower limits, clean/drain/dry requirements), restrictions on docks (e.g., dimensions, required water depths, materials, storage requirements), limits on times for certain activities.
Sediment Management
Stormwater Management (Non-Structural)

ACTION: Non-structural stormwater management includes measures such as impervious disconnection, pollution prevention measures, and source controls including materials management at industrial sites, fertilizer and pest management in residential areas, reduced road salting in winter and snow management, and street sweeping. Coordinate a bylaw or regulation promoting smart growth, low impact development (LID), or nature based solutions focused on benefits and protection for water quality. Methods to inform a new regulation or bylaw may include an assessment by municipality on existing regulations. This measure can also include development regulation to disconnect impervious surfaces through the use of pervious options.

Stormwater Management (Non-Structural)

STRATEGY: Protect water quality and quantity by preventing pollution from stormwater or controlling it at its source.

ACTION: Non-structural stormwater management includes measures such as impervious disconnection, pollution prevention measures, and source controls including materials management at industrial sites, fertilizer and pest management in residential areas, reduced road salting in winter and snow management, and street sweeping. Coordinate a bylaw or regulation promoting smart growth, low impact development (LID), or nature based solutions focused on benefits and protection for water quality. Methods to inform a new regulation or bylaw may include an assessment by municipality on existing regulations. This measure can also include development regulation to disconnect impervious surfaces through the use of pervious options.
Vegetation Management
Vegetation Harvesting

ACTION: Harvest and remove nuisance or invasive aquatic plants from a pond by hand or mechanical methods. Collected plants may be placed on shore for composting or other disposal. Hand harvesting is the most labor intensive and is most effective when used in concert with whole-lake control strategies, as a follow-up to prevent re-infestation or re-establishment of large beds of weeds. Scuba divers will be required for hand harvesting large plant beds, or for plants growing in water greater than a few feet deep. Mechanical control strategies use equipment to remove the plants and root systems through cutting, rotovating, or hydroraking. Rotovating or rototilling uses a rototilling machine to cut aquatic plant roots from the sediment and remove them from the lake for whole plant control. Hydroraking is essentially the same technique, but uses a mechanical rake to collect and remove some of the cut material.

Vegetation Harvesting

STRATEGY: Reduce excess levels of nuisance or invasive aquatic species. Harvesting also removes the nutrients, primarily phosphorus, stored in the plant structure, thus controlling one contributor that causes excessive rooted vegetation growth.

ACTION: Harvest and remove nuisance or invasive aquatic plants from a pond by hand or mechanical methods. Collected plants may be placed on shore for composting or other disposal. Hand harvesting is the most labor intensive and is most effective when used in concert with whole-lake control strategies, as a follow-up to prevent re-infestation or re-establishment of large beds of weeds. Scuba divers will be required for hand harvesting large plant beds, or for plants growing in water greater than a few feet deep. Mechanical control strategies use equipment to remove the plants and root systems through cutting, rotovating, or hydroraking. Rotovating or rototilling uses a rototilling machine to cut aquatic plant roots from the sediment and remove them from the lake for whole plant control. Hydroraking is essentially the same technique, but uses a mechanical rake to collect and remove some of the cut material.
Planning & Regulation
Watershed Planning

ACTION: A Watershed Plan provides a framework for managing efforts to both restore water quality in degraded areas and to protect overall watershed health. Watershed plans identify broad goals and objectives, describe environmental problems, outline specific alternatives for restoration, management and protection, and document where, how and by whom actions will be evaluated, selected and implemented. A Watershed Plan may be the basis for a Watershed Permit that establishes performance standards, authorized activities, and the timeframes that will be utilized under an adaptive management framework to meet water quality and habitat restoration goals.

Watershed Planning

STRATEGY: Understand and address freshwater ponds in the context of the larger watershed. A general goal of watershed management is to plan and work toward an environmentally and economically healthy watershed that benefits all who have a stake in it.

ACTION: A Watershed Plan provides a framework for managing efforts to both restore water quality in degraded areas and to protect overall watershed health. Watershed plans identify broad goals and objectives, describe environmental problems, outline specific alternatives for restoration, management and protection, and document where, how and by whom actions will be evaluated, selected and implemented. A Watershed Plan may be the basis for a Watershed Permit that establishes performance standards, authorized activities, and the timeframes that will be utilized under an adaptive management framework to meet water quality and habitat restoration goals.